History of the Ancient Olympics

History of the Ancient Olympics The Origins and History of the Ancient Olympics Presentation The main old Olympic Games can be followed back to 776 B.C and were praised until 393 A.D (Young, 1987). The Games proceeded for twelve centuries and were committed to Olympian divine beings. Olympia turned into the site of these noteworthy antiquated games that planted the seeds for the most desired brandishing universal occasion of present day times, the Modern Olympics. The site of the Ancient Olympics is situated in the western piece of Peloponnese. As indicated by Greek folklore, Peloponnese is the island of Pelops, the Founder of the Olympic Games (Young, 1987). Olympia, in Greece is the haven site for the old Greek divine beings. The focal piece of Olympia was commanded by the glorious sanctuary of Zeus. The antiquated games appreciated a mainstream custom and planned for making sure about great relations between the urban communities of Greece and demonstrating physical characteristics and advancement of the exhibitions achieved by the young. The Olympic Games were held in four years stretches at the antiquated arena in Olympia that could oblige in excess of 40,000 onlookers. The encompassing zones around the old Olympic arena were ceaselessly evolved until the fourth century BC and were utilized as preparing justification for competitors or to fill in as homes for the Olympic adjudicators (Young, 1987). The Ancient Olympics permitted just free men who communicated in Greek to take an interest in the Games. The old games had a slight worldwide soul as they included members from different pieces of Greece. The Greeks that went to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia had a similar strict convictions and communicated in a similar language. The competitors were all male residents of the city-states from each edge of the Greek world, originating from as distant as Iberia (Spain) in the west and the Black Sea (Turkey) in the east (Reeser, 2005) In the antiquated Olympics, wedded ladies were not permitted to take part at all. Anyway unmarried ladies could just spectate. The old Olympic Games however didn't permit female members; a special case was made at the Herean Games, arranged like clockwork to respect Hera, spouse of Zeus, permitting female competitors to take an interest in the games. Kyniska, little girl of King Archidamos of Sparta, was the primary lady to be recorded as an Olympic victor in Antiquity. The occasions were decided by the Herald, a Hellanodikis (Greek Judge). The Olympic victors in old occasions got their honors following the opposition. The Herald, in the wake of declaring the name of the victor, put a palm branch in his grasp. Red strips were tied on his head and hands to represent his triumph. The official honor service that occurred on the most recent day of the Games was a glad day for the victor. From the raised vestibule of the sanctuary of Zeus, the Herald declared the name of the victor, his d ads name and the name of his country. The victor was at last regarded with the Herald putting the holy olive tree wreath or kotinos on the champs head (Reeser, 2005). The Olympic Games, initially made to respect Zeus, was the most significant national celebration of the antiquated Greeks, and a focal point of political contentions between the country states. Be that as it may, all rivalries included individual contenders as opposed to groups. Winning an Olympic challenge was respected more exceptionally than winning a fight and was confirmation of an individual competitors individual greatness. The victors were given festoons, delegated with olive wreaths, and saw as national saints (Young, 1987). In spite of the fact that records of the Olympics go back to 776 BC when the Olympics were revamped and the official First Olympiad was held, Homers Iliad proposes that they existed as right on time as the twelfth century BC. Ruler Theodosius I of Rome ended them in the fourth century AD, and they didn't happen again until they were reestablished in Athens in 1896 (Young, 1987). Initially, the Olympics was limited to running, however by the fifteenth Olympiad, extra games were included, for example, the pentathlon which was comprised of five distinct occasions, boxing, wrestling, chariot dashing, just as an assortment of foot races of fluctuating lengths, including a significant distance race of roughly 2.5 miles. Competitors for the most part contended without garments gladly showing their ideal bodies. Ladies, outsiders, slaves, and shamed people were illegal to contend; ladies, when they were hitched, were not permitted to spectate any Olympic occasions, aside from chariot races (Reeser, 2005). The genuine occasions occurring have changed essentially since the Ancient Olympics. Proof appeared in pictures, dating from around 490-480 BC, portrays two men wrestling. Above them drape a disk in its pack and a couple of bouncing loads called halteres. Long jumpers utilized the loads to expand their opposition removes by energetically swinging them forward right now of departure. The mentor or coach stands to one side of the grapplers, inclining toward his staff and holding a since quite a while ago forked branch. (Rhizopoulou, 2004). The old Olympic Games started in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the close by city of Elis, won the arena race, a foot race 600 feet in length. As indicated by (Wei, 1996), this was the main athletic occasion of the games for the initial 13 Olympic celebrations or until 724 BC. From 776 BC, the Games were held in Olympia at regular intervals for just about 12 centuries (Young, 1987). The long distance race was not an occasion of the antiquated Olympic Games. The long distance race is an advanced occasion that was first presented in the Modern Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens, a race from the upper east of Athens to the Olympic Stadium and the competitor needed to finish over a separation of 40 kilometers. The race honors the run of Pheidippides, an antiquated day-sprinter who conveyed the updates on the Persian arrival at Marathon of 490 B.C. to Sparta (a separation of 149 miles) so as to enroll help for the fight. As per (finely, 1976) during the fifth century B.C. Old Greek history specialist Herodotus, Pheidippides conveyed the news to the Spartans the following day. The separation of the cutting edge long distance race was normalized as 26 miles 385 yards or 42.195 km. in 1908 when the Olympic Games were held in London. The separation was the specific estimation between Windsor Castle, the beginning of the race, and the end goal inside White City Stadium (Wei, 1996). In spite of the fact that the old Games were arranged in Olympia, Greece, from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503 years for the Olympics to return. The main present day Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The man answerable for its resurrection was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who introduced the thought in 1894. His unique idea was to divulge the advanced Games in 1900 in his local Paris, yet appoints from 34 nations were so excited with the idea that they persuaded him to move the Games up to 1896 and have Athens fill in as the principal have (Wei, 1996). The possibility of the Olympic light or Olympic Flame was first initiated in the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. There was no light transfer in the old Olympic Games. There were known, nonetheless, burn transfers in other old Greek athletic celebrations including those held at Athens. The cutting edge Olympic light transfer was first occurred at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The Modern Olympic banner of five connected rings, each with an essential shading utilized in the banners of the countries contending in the games, was presented in 1908. There is no antiquated reason for this cutting edge image (Rhizopoulou, 2004). THE POLITICS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES The festival of the Olympic Games in olden times was an event for residents of dissipated Greek city-states to gather. At the Games they examined significant policy driven issues, commended basic military triumphs and even shaped political and military coalitions. In any case, the Games were not just a gathering in which to talk about political occasions; they were additionally the reason for political clash. Control of the Sanctuary and the Games carried with it esteem, monetary favorable circumstances and, in particular, political impact. As ahead of schedule as the seventh century BC we know about disagreements about the control of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia between the city of Elis (30 miles toward the north) and the little neighboring town of Pisa (Wei, 1996). In 668 BC, as indicated by Pausanias (a second century AD Greek voyager), the ground-breaking despot of Argos (named Pheidon) was solicited by the town from Pisa to catch the Sanctuary of Zeus from the city-province of Elis. Pheidon, with his military of very much prepared hoplites (outfitted warriors), walked over the Peloponnesos, made sure about the Sanctuary for the town of Pisa, and actually managed the direct of the games. Be that as it may, Pisas control of the Sanctuary was brief: by the following year Elis had recovered control (Fineley, 1976). The Olympic Truce was initiated by the city-territory of Elis to secure against military attacks which interfered with the Games. Like clockwork, uncommon envoys from Elis were conveyed to all sides of the Greek world to report the moving toward Olympic celebration and games. Alongside this news, they would declare the Olympic Truce, which ensured competitors, guests, onlookers and authority international safe havens who went to the celebration from getting associated with neighborhood clashes. Afterward, political dictators of the seventh and sixth hundreds of years BC endeavored to accomplish impact by progressively quiet methods. They took an interest in the athletic and equestrian challenges of the Olympic Games and committed obviously extravagant contributions to Olympian Zeus at the site of the games (Finley, 1976). These days there is a solid association among charisma and sports and some would even say that the line between deals pitching and quick pitches has gotten totally obscured. At Olympic rivalries, competitors garbs and gear bear the circumspect however promptly recognizable trademarks of their makers. After the Games, we are given pictures of Olympians underwriting items and showing up on grain boxes. Afterward, some Oly

Rudy Giulianis Leadership essays

Rudy Giuliani's Leadership expositions Giuliani first took in the significance of unwaveringness as a pioneer while functioning as an assistant under Judge Lloyd MacMahon. Giuliani saw direct the dedication the adjudicator had to the individuals who worked for him, and the quality of the connections manufactured when the commitment was returned. Along these lines, giuliani made dependability his foundation. The adjudicator was an uncommon pioneer and got the individuals who worked for him to put stock in themselves and achieve more than they suspected they could. He was likewise efficient, continually squeezing, and continually hoping for something else from giuliani and his other staff than they suspected they could convey. However he never requested that others work more earnestly than he was eager to work himself. The appointed authority additionally instructed giuliani the significance of the need to convey and convince, not simply rule by pronouncement. Throughout the following not many years, Judge MacMahon establis hed the framework for the pioneer he trusted he would be. A long time later, while serving in President Reagans Justice Department, giuliani again watched the advantages of a pioneers steadfastness to his group. He saw how president Reagan would hazard his fame in light of his own faithfulness to the individuals who had helped choose him and worked for him. He observed the lift in confidence accordingly. Along these lines, he concluded it was basic for a pioneer (particularly one in politics)to grasp those in his group who are freely assaulted. While in office as city hall leader, giuliani made it a point to make a special effort to cause somebody who was unreasonably assaulted to feel significant either by advancing them or by giving a discourse to give them how appreciated they are. Giuliani accepted this consoled those that worked for him that he would not desert them whenever there's any hint of difficulty. This likewise demonstrated the world that he would remain behind his workers and accordingly evacuated a portion of the motivating force to assault. He additionally realized that a pioneer who separations himself from his staff may ... <!

Practical Tools to Help You Quit Smoking

Practical Tools to Help You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Your Quit Smoking Toolbox Tools to Help You Build a Successful Quit Program By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on October 16, 2018 Tharakorn Arunothai / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Smokers dont often talk much about it, but we all worry about the damage we inflict on ourselves by smoking, day in and day out. Another thing we don’t talk about is how much time we spend thinking about quitting...but we do, day in and day out. Addiction Steals Our Right to Choose None of us started smoking thinking wed lose our right to choose, but thats exactly what nicotine addiction does to us. The associations we build up over time slowly weave their way through every activity in our lives until we cant think of doing anything without our cigarettes. This habit is insidious and tenacious, and millions of lives are lost every year worldwide to it. Thousands of people quit smoking successfully every year, breaking the chains of nicotine addiction and leaveing smoking behind permanently. You can, too. The Quit Smoking Toolbox The quit smoking toolbox gives you links to information and the support you need to build a solid quit smoking program for yourself. Learn what to expect when you stop smoking and have some faith and trust in the process. Remember: Countless others have successfully beat the addiction to nicotine, and you can too. Why Quit Smoking? Health Risk and Dangers of Smoking: All smokers harbor the secret hope that they will be spared the disease and death that follows nicotine addiction. We tell ourselves we’ll quit in time and somehow dodge the bullet that smoking is. Why Should You Quit Smoking? Making a list of reasons for quitting is a good first step towards successful smoking cessation. What are your reasons? Get Ready... How to Develop the Will to Quit Smoking: Quitting tobacco is hard for most people. It takes patience, trust, and commitment to the goal. Learn how to condition your mind to build the resolve it takes to quit smoking successfully. Understanding Nicotine Addiction: The effects of nicotine on the human body create dependency through chemical reactions in the brain. Fostering the Mindset for Success: For some people, there is that magical click where everything falls into place before quitting or just after, but for most of us, the reshaping of attitude into the “right” mindset comes gradually, one day at a time. Get Set... Preparing for Your Quit Date: Preparing yourself for what lies ahead when you quit smoking will add to your ability to make a success of your efforts. Products to Help You Quit Smoking: Learn about the nicotine patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, and nicotine lozenges. Youll also find information about alternatives to NRTs, such as bupropion (Zyban or Wellbutrin), varenicline tartrate (Chantix), acupuncture, and hypnosis. Gather Your Supplies: The first several weeks of smoking cessation can be difficult. Its important to have things you can do to distract yourself in mind ahead of time...before the urge to smoke hits. Go! After the Last Cigarette: What happens inside our bodies when we quit using tobacco? Have all of the years of tobacco use caused too much damage for quitting to be of any benefit? Not at all. The human body is amazingly resilient. Within the first 20 minutes of quitting, the physical healing begins. Common Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal: Lets review some of the more common symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and what you can do to manage them should they occur. 10 Tips to Help You Manage Nicotine Withdrawal: Most people will experience some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, but in general, the pains associated with this phase of recovery are short-lived, especially if you have a few tools to help you manage them more easily. Tips for Fighting the Urge to Smoke: Take the time to learn which activities you associate with smoking so you can break the connection. When the urge hits, think H.A.L.T. The hungry, angry, lonely, tired checklist can help you decode your urges and move through them. Smoking Cessation Support Forum: Support from those who know what you’re going through is invaluable. Stop in and browse through our very active smoking cessation support community. You may visit as a guest and read messages, or register (free) to join the discussions and post comments of your own. Avoiding a Smoking Relapse 5 Steps That Lead to a Smoking Relapse: Understanding the psychology that leads to a smoking relapse is the best way to avoid having one. Why People Relapse Years Later: The key to lasting freedom from nicotine addiction lies in changing your relationship to smoking. If you quit smoking by sheer willpower, believing somewhere in the back of your mind that youre sacrificing something good, chances are very high that youll eventually relapse. Theres No Such Thing as Just One Cigarette: Most people who quit smoking have romantic thoughts about smoking just one cigarette now and then. Its a normal part of recovery from nicotine addiction, but failing to deal with these errant thoughts has been the cause of many a failed quit program. Believe in Yourself Dont be afraid to quit smoking. Do the work it takes to get the monkey that nicotine addiction is off of your back. The rewards are outstanding and youll love the person you become without the chains of this killer habit weighing you down. Believe in yourself and you can free yourself.

The Definition Of Risk Management - 1773 Words

1. What is the NCPI definition of risk management? The definition of risk management which is given by the NCPI is the expectancy, identification, and assessment of a possible risk where a process is started to help take away any possible risks that can be associated with something or to help lower the amount of risk in which could be used to bring it down to a place which is deemed to be at more of a tolerable level. What this is doing is showing us that as we place certain control over risks any type of risk that is similar to these are then associated with each other. These risks are more easily controlled due to having them all in more of an organized fashion leading to our efforts to combat these risks to become more effective. This then helps these risks from becoming increased or even having other risks as a result. The whole notion of risk management is by acting on these risks before they become more serious we can prevent these actions from happening ultimately widening our control over them. 2. What aspects of crime analysis should the crime prevention practitioner (CPP) consider when conducting a risk assessment? What questions should the CCP ask of the location in an effort to understand the needs of the customer and the location? 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The Effects Of Gun Control On The United States - 939 Words

Mass shootings in the United States have literally become an everyday occurrence. A mass shooting is a firearm-violence related incident where four or more people are killed or injured, and recent research shows that on average, over one mass shooting occurs per day (Lafraniere). In a country where guns are hailed as being tools for problem-solving and self-defense, there is a saddening amount of violence caused by firearms. The NRA will always claim that it is people and not guns who kill, but the amount of access the public has to these dangerous machines is extreme in comparison to many other countries. Due to the amount of violence, both homicidal and suicidal, that results from gun use in the United States, better restrictions, regulations, and safety measures should be implemented and enforced. The most important aspect of this issue that must change, however, is the cultural view of firearms in this country; without a shift in perspective, altering anything about the gun probl em in the States will be impossible. The primary argument against gun control laws seems to be that supporting self-defense—in American culture, guns are seen as more of a symbol of self-defense and less as a symbol of violence. Over 6 in 10 Americans feel safer if there is a gun in their home; Dr. Nelson Lund of the George Mason University School of Law argues that â€Å"[gun control laws] interfere with the ability of law-abiding citizens to defend themselves against violent criminals† (Speiser,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGun control has become a very important topic within the United States after the past couple of months. 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Black Like Me Free Essays

Enri Duka A. P. United States History Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Like Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bellemare, Ms. Loughlin, Mr. Marko 08/09/2012 Analyzation of â€Å"Black Like Me† Catastrophic events are a part of life just like the air that people breathe. Most of these catastrophes occur as a result of nature’s causes such as earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, and etc. Unfortunately they kill millions of people every year. As painful as this is to hear, most people still disregard the amount of people that are killed and massacred every year due to race and religion. It is sad to think that instead of working together to build a better future, humans still fight and have social injustice. Many like to argue this statement seeing how the constitution forbids human inequality in front of the law. As true as this might be, discrimination still exists and is a part in our lives to this day. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a perfect example of this social crime. Unlike many other books, â€Å"Black Like Me†, is written in an autobiographical memoir instead of a novel. The author, also being the main protagonist, is John Howard Griffin. The book takes place between the years of 1959 and 1960 and is build with chapters according to the different dates that main concepts occur. The reason for this book is to portray the horrors that segregation has to offer. Griffin starts his unbelievable adventure because of the curiosity and sympathy that he feels towards blacks. In order to quench his curiosity, Griffin believes that he has to be black as well and the only way is by undergoing surgery. He first proposes his idea to George Levitan and Adele Jackson, the owner and editor of Sepia magazine and asks them to publish his article. Although passionate and supportive of Griffin they warn him about the dangers that he will face when and after he is a black man. John Howard Griffin goes through a period of internal conflict for he is aware of the dangers imposed on a black man during these years of segregation. Also, he is afraid for his family because of all the white racists who will try to harm them once they realize that a white man was disguised as a black. However, Griffin decides to follow through with the plan. In the book, he compares the situation of segregation to the years when he was partially blind. Griffin believes that white people are blind for they can not see through the eyes of a black man. John Griffin’s passion and sympathy for the social injustice applied on blacks overcome his fear of danger so he moves to New Orleans and is given medicine so he can turn black. On the process of becoming black, he is very surprised to see how an educated and liberal man such as a doctor could speak so poorly of the black race. As a matter of fact, this theme keeps on reoccurring throughout the whole novel. In a very short period of time he notices the differences between the two races. Instead of eating at a fancy restaurant like the previous day, now he is eating raccoon meat and rice out of a can. The difference between the two races is staggering as well as painful to see for Griffin. Not only is he denied a job by white employers; he is also hit with fruit by a group of white people, denied the right to bring in checks, and is humiliated by bus drivers who do not stop the bus at his destination just because of his color. The most important part of all these tragedies is the fact that even Griffin views himself differently. He begins to despise himself and other blacks for the pains that are being caused to him. Just like the blacks in New Orleans, Mississippi, and Alabama, he feels defeated and hopeless. Fortunately Griffin undergoes some good experiences as a black man. Although he is despised and hated by most whites; he still feels warm from the love and support that black people show for each other. There are even some whites who help him throughout his career as a black man. One of these helpers happens to be a good friend of Griffin and his name is P. D. East. This person shows love and sympathy towards blacks and offers Griffin to stay as long as he needs. Upon his meeting with East, Griffin finds out that racism is a social problem that is enforced by white leaders such as politicians and lawyers who encourage and feed other white men with hatred toward blacks. Although Griffin is flattered by the courtesy of East, he decides to go to Montgomery. On the way he is unfortunately familiarized to the perspective that white males have towards blacks’ sexuality. He finds out that sexually frustrated white males use black girls for sex and when he is hitchhiking many are curious about his sexuality as well. This goes to the extreme point where one white male tries to convince him to show his penis. Once this long trip ends, Griffin finds himself in Montgomery where black people are more organized and have been influenced by Dr. King to resist the whites passively instead of with violence. Even so, Griffin decides that he has had enough suffering so he stops taking his medicine and turns white again. Again he sees major differences about the way that people look at him. When he is black, he is treated with hatred from white people and sympathy as well as camaraderie from the black community. On the other hand, when he is white, the black community greets him with fear and loathing while whites are extremely friendly. He decides to turn black again seeing how when he’s white he has the easy way out; something that is not available to a black person. Upon deciding, Griffin finds himself in Atlanta. Throughout the story, the readers see the protagonist in different cities in the South and almost every place that he visits is different when it comes to the level of segregation as well as how the black community react to it. In New Orleans, Mobile, and other towns of Alabama and Mississippi people are desperate as well as hopeless and defeated. On the other hand, in Montgomery and Atlanta, blacks are more optimistic and the community is filled with strong black leaders. Once Griffin visits all these towns he feels that he has found out enough about social injustice and prejudice against the black community. The third phase of this book focuses more on how John Griffin is treated after he publicizes his article. Once again he is warned about all the dangers as a cause of the release of this article. Once again he is so passionate about what he has done that it outweighs the risk. When the Sepia Magazine publishes the article, many TV stations and news broadcasts invite Griffin for interviews and are very astonished and proud of what he has done. He recieves many letters from many white people and understands the main reason of why so many people are racist in the South. Many white southerners write that they are not actually racists but that they are just afraid of the real racists. For this reason they neglect and tolerate racism. On the other hand, people in Mansfield, the town where he lived, strongly oppose the deeds that Griffin has done so they make threatening calls and plan to assault and castrate him. Nonetheless, Griffin maintains his courage and sympathy. Because of all the hostility in the town, Griffin decides that it would be better if they moved to Mexico. While packing he talks to a black boy and realizes that blacks don’t understand whites just like whites don’t understand blacks. Just like the whites, the blacks have this recent rise of supremacy which is instilled in them by Malcolm X and other black leaders, just like the whites are influenced by politicians. This supremacy from both sides needs to end so we could finally have an equal America according to Griffin. An â€Å"equal America† started after the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were written which is right after the Civil War ended. Although blacks got the rights to escape slavery and be equal under the Constitution when it came to voting and other rights; it still did not stop whites in America to treat them horribly. During the hard times of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the black Americans not only had to fight poverty; they also had to deal with racial segregation or in other words Jim Crow. According to the website, socialsitalternative. rg, the concept of Jim Crow is not only being a piece of legislation. It is considered to be a very well thought out plan by the higher end of society during the times of segregation. This legislation gave the right to the ruling class to make laws about lowering the wages of black workers and to divide the races so black workers could get pitiful wages. It is themes like these that keep on reoccurring in the fascinating book that Joh n Griffin wrote. For example, his doctor, a well-educated and liberal man, had really racist views pertaining the black race. At the same time, we are familiarized with the concept that it is the ruling class such as politicians and lawyers who feed the rest of the people with the hatred about the blacks. If it wasn’t for these influential figures, where would a regular white person get the idea of showing so much hatred toward a person that he does not even know. In one speech, Martin Luther King said: â€Å"The black revolution is much more than a struggle for the rights of Negroes. It is interrelated†¦ racism, poverty, militarism and imperialism. Evils that are deeply rooted in the whole structure of our society. This time period in American history will be remembered for decades because it really shows the injustices that the people that we choose as leaders commit in order to favor their own race. â€Å"Black Like Me† really gets to the main roots of segregation. There is no better way of showing this racial injustice unless you have experienced both sides of the situation. John Gri ffin gives the readers an opportunity to live on both sides of segregation. It really portrays the horrors of racial injustice and prejudice at its’ best. â€Å"Black Like Me† really grips the themes of American diversity and reform. The black and white race as described in this book are very different from one another and how they view their community, yet very similar at how they view each other. Throughout the book, Griffin noticed the difference between the living conditions and standards of both societies. When he is white, he is able to visit any restaurant, any store, and apply to any job with the optimistic view that they are most likely going to hire him because of his abilities. On the other hand, when he is black he is forced to eat very bad standard food. Although he has the money to buy food, restaurants would not sell it to him. At the same time, although he was well dressed and articulate in his job interviews; white employers would not even consider hiring him because of his skin color. Another enormous difference between the two races was the way that they view their community. In troubled parts of the South such as Mississippi and Alabama, Griffin describes the black community as hopeless and defeated. They were this way because the ruling class did not support them in any way. In contrast, they did anything to favor the whites over the blacks. One great example from the book is the lynching of Mack Parker. In the book he is accused of raping a white lady and then is lynched by a mob. Although the FBI found who lynched him, the all white jury decided that the people that did it were not guilty. The same sort of discrimination and segregation was shown against the Irish when they first moved to America because of the potato famine. According to the article â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors†, Irish immigrants first began moving to the United States around 1847 when the Great Famine hit their country. When moving here they were laughed at and forced to move in little slums where only Irish people lived. Many caught diseases and died. This sort of discrimination is very similar to the one that blacks had to endure for they had to build their own ghettos when they moved to the North for jobs. Another important theme of â€Å"Black Like Me† is that of reform. In order for the blacks to be equal to whites to this day they had to go through civil rights movements which were led by very adored people such as MLK and Malcolm X. The theme of reform is apparent in the book when Griffin goes to cities such as Montgomery and Atlanta. Instead of being hopeless and defeated, people there were optimistic and were opposing nonviolently. In the book it mentions of a time where two black people were sitting in a bus and the driver asks them to move so a white lady could sit there. Non violently the two black people did not move and a white person in the bus got up to hurt them and is stopped by the bus driver and the lady. In other words, the nonviolent resistance was working. American Diversity and Reformation are two major themes that the United States has experienced throughout the years. If these two themes did not exist, the United States that we know today would not be the same. In a way historians have always described America as a melting pot of cultures which is a very legitement statement seeing how its’ earliest populations migrated from different parts of Europe whether it was England, France, or Spain. This early migration caused the American Diversity that we know today. Also without all the reforms and wars to protect civil rights, America would no longer be called the land of the free or the place where all dreams come true. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a book that strongly fits both these themes and in a way it even defines them. Works Cited â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  The Civil Rights Movement. Socialist Alternative, n. d. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . Daw, Chad. â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  Calisphere -. UC Libraries, 2012. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. How to cite Black Like Me, Essay examples Black Like Me Free Essays America is a land of freedom, specimen of social justice and the custodian of human rights. But how far is this true. Presence of discrimination and racism in American society does not support this claim. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Like Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racism is one menace which has plagued America for centuries, and to some extents it stills exists today. The major reason for its existence for so long was our lack of knowledge and realization about it. The book ‘Black Like Me’ written in late 1950s is a mere depiction of the same. The author John Howard Griffin, a journalist and an anti-racists, wanted to experience the miseries the racism extends and dared to do what no white man had ever done before. He left behind his privileged life, colored himself black, and walked into an unknown world of hatred, discrimination, and sufferings. Griffin did expect to be treated differently as a black man, but was shocked and horrified to find out the extent of prejudice, segregation and degrading living conditions he confronted. In 1959, Griffin’s journey of a lifetime commenced when he headed to New Orleans. He had darkened his skin to merge into the black society. While walking through the streets of New Orleans, he wondered how he will adjust himself but he found people living there to be very supportive, and cordial. The first black he encounters was Sterling Williams, a shoe shiner. Griffin found Sterling to be very helpful and generous. Sterling makes him familiar with the black society in the South. Griffin’s journey does not stop here. He travels from state to state, from Louisiana to Mississippi to Alabama and to Georgia, until he could no longer withstand the atrocities committed due of racism. Problems faced by Griffin as Negro were enormous. He had to walk and walk just to find a restroom where a black can go. It was not easy to find a cafe that served black people. These cafes also only served rice and beans to blacks. He could not find a job for him. To his astonishment, nobody was ready to cash a black man’s traveler’s check that he carried. The problems ranged from getting off from a bus at a rest stop to even a white mob nearly killing a Negro. Despite the feelings of disgust, pain and sufferings, one great thing Griffin admires is the extraordinary generosity and supportiveness of the black people. He finds that even in the world of social injustice, good people do exist. He experiences human kindness and love by meeting P. D. East, a construction worker from Alabama, and Sterling Williams from New Orleans. ‘Black Like Me’ is a human story; a story of a white Texan who wanted to lift curtain from the social injustices, plight and miseries of black people. The book gives a straightforward look into the ugly truth of racism which was ever concealed behind the mask of tolerance. It is an inspiring and thought provoking episode of human inequalities. It really touches emotions. Griffin has left no stone unturned to expose the menace of racism. And he does so by personally experiencing the facts on ground. The book might not have caught the attention of people or even would not have been published, if it was narrated by a black man. Griffin knew the same and therefore he went through the journey of the ‘underworld’ by himself. The book ‘Black Like Me’ is for every American to read and think; to scrutinize what wrong has been done and what can be done to prevent it; to look into discriminations carried out by each one of us, and to correct ourselves and our attitudes. Let the future historian write that the menace of racism vanished from the American society in 21st century and the book ‘Black Like Me’ was a major contributor to this. Reference Griffin, John, Howard. (1976). Black Like Me. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. How to cite Black Like Me, Papers

Money, Motivation and Employee Performance

Money, motivation and employee performance Money is categorized under financial benefits and rewards in performance management. Money has been used a major source of employee motivation in personnel management for a long time. This is still embraced in contemporary human resource management where the relevance of financial rewards and benefits in employee motivation is emphasized. Awarding employees with financial rewards is an important motivator to employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money, Motivation and Employee Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be argued from basis of the organizational behavior theories like the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. According to the theory, basic needs are placed first in the hierarchy. Satisfying the needs of employees should be a priority. Financial benefits and rewards help employees meet most of their basic needs. A salary increment means that an employee can meet an extra basic need, thereby making the employee fairly comfortable to work (Caruth Handlogten, 2001). How compensation ranges are determined by employers The contemporary human resource management practices are governed by laws and regulations. There is compensation in the present working environment, which calls for organizations to embrace rationality in the determination of salary range for their employees as part of the efforts to sustain employees. While each employer would like to have a given salary scale to reflect the control of costs and expenditure, external factors in the present managerial environment play a critical role in determining the salary range for employees. Employers keep watching what the competitor organizations are paying their employees and use it to set the salary range for their employees. Employers’ compliance with the wage and labor laws only comes in as a secondary factor, and it is only embraced in determining the salary range for low-scale employees (Chingos, 2002). What can organizations do to better control benefits costs? The goal of each organization is to enhance performance outcome. One of the desirable modalities of enhancing the performance of an organization by reducing costs through balancing of costs and their benefits to the organization. There are different methods that are used to relate costs to benefits in organizations. Some accounting tools like cost accounting are deployed by organizational managers to determine the payoff of a number of costs that are incurred by the organization. From the analyses, organizations try to eliminate functions that are deemed to have few benefits to the organization. However, it is critical to observe that most of the costs of organizations go into the maintenance of organizational workforce (Kinney Raiborn, 2009). Therefore, most of the cost cutting measures that are implemented by organizations target the benefits of the employees. How to measure effectiveness in matters of compensation and benefits The effectiveness of the compensation and benefits system in an organization is often determined by the level of employee performance. The main reason for implementing the benefits and compensation system in an organization is to steer the employees so that they can increase their rate of productivity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For each of the compensation or benefits package that is unleashed by an organization, there is a certain level of performance that is expected to be attained as a payoff by the employees to the organization. Compensation and benefits are meant to motivate the employees, thereby encouraging them to increase their level of input. The increase in work input is reflected in work output and profitability of the organization (Jackson, Schuler Werner, 2011). References Caruth, D. L., Han dlogten, G. D. (2001). Managing compensation (and understanding it too): A handbook for the perplexed. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Chingos, P. T. (2002). Paying for performance: a guide to compensation management. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Werner, S. (2011). Managing human resources. Mason, OH: South-Western. Kinney, M. R., Raiborn, C. A. (2009). Cost accounting: Foundations and evolutions. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. This essay on Money, Motivation and Employee Performance was written and submitted by user Brayden Meadows to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

6 High-Paying Business Management Jobs

6 High-Paying Business Management Jobs Pay disparities are not uncommon in the business world. Bosses tend to make more than their employees. Most managers are the highest paid employees in the company. But there are some management jobs that will net you more money than others. Here are six management positions that typically come with high salaries. Computer and Information Systems Manager Computer and information systems managers supervise computer-related activities in an organization. Common job titles include Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chief Technology Officer (CTO), IT Director, or IT Manager. Specific duties often vary by job title, organization size, and other factors, but commonly include analyzing technology needs, planning and installing computer and information systems, overseeing system security, and supervising other IT professionals. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for computer and information systems managers as $120,950, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. A bachelor’s degree in computer or information science, as well as 5-10 years of work experience, is usually the minimum requirement for computer and information systems managers. However, many managers in this field have a masters degree and 10 years of work experience. Read more about earning a  management information systems degree. Marketing Manager Marketing managers oversee the marketing efforts of an organization. They work with sales, public relations, and other marketing and advertising professionals to estimate demand, identify target markets, develop pricing strategies, and maximize profits. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for marketing managers as $119,480, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. Most marketing managers have at least a bachelors degree in marketing, but masters degrees are not uncommon in this field. Read more about earning a marketing degree. Financial Manager Financial managers are dedicated to monitoring and improving the financial health of an organization. Common job titles include Controller, Finance Officer, Credit Manager, Cash Manager, and Risk Manager. Most financial managers work on a team and act as an advisor to other executives. They may be responsible for reviewing reports, monitoring finances, preparing financial statements, analyzing market trends, and developing budgets. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for financial managers as $109,740, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. A bachelors degree in business or finance plus five years of finance-related experience is usually the minimum requirement for financial managers. Many managers have a masters degree, professional certification, and 5 years of experience in related financial occupations, such as an accountant, auditor, financial analyst, or loan officer. Read more about earning a finance degree. Sales Manager Sales managers oversee the sales team for an organization. Although the level of duties can vary by organization, most sales managers focus their time on researching and assigning sales territories, establishing sales targets, training members of the sales team, determining budgets and pricing plans, and coordinating other sales operations. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for sales managers as $105,260, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. Sales managers typically need a bachelors degree in sales or business in addition to several years of experience as a sales representative. Some sales managers have a masters degree. Read more about earning a  sales management degree. Human Resources Manager Human resources managers have many responsibilities, but their primary duty is to act as a link between an organization’s managers and its employees. In large organizations, human resources managers often specialize in a specific area, such as recruiting, staffing, training, and development, labor relations, payroll, or compensation and benefits. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for human resources managers as $99,720, with the top 10 percent earned more than $173,140. A bachelors degree in human resources or a related field is the minimum educational requirement. However, many human resources managers have a masters degree as well as several years of related work experience. Read more about earning a human resources degree. Health Services Manager Also known as healthcare executives, health care administrators, or healthcare managers, health services managers oversee the operations of medical facilities, clinics, or departments. Duties can include supervising employees, creating schedules, organizing records, ensuring compliance with regulations and laws, budget management, and record management. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for health services managers as $88,580, with the top 10 percent earning more than $150,560. Health services managers need at least a bachelor’s degree in health services, healthcare management, long-term care administration, public health or public administration, but masters degrees in these fields or business administration are not uncommon. Read more about earning a healthcare management degree.

Average ACT Score for 2018, 2017, 2016, and Earlier Years

Average ACT Score for 2018, 2017, 2016, and Earlier Years SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In recent years, more and more students have been taking the ACT than ever before. But what does this change in participation rate mean for the average ACT score? As you'll learn in this article, while ACT scores have been fairly stable in the last few years, there have been some dips and peaks in scores in the last 25 years. Let’s take a look at what’s happening. Average ACT Scores for Past Years Let's look at some charts for average ACT scores over the past couple of decades. These will show us some trends in the ACT world that have led to recent changes in the test. Average ACT Scores 1992-1996 Year # of Test Takers English Math Reading Science Composite 1992-1993 875,603 20.3 20.1 21.2 20.8 20.7 1994 891,714 20.3 20.2 21.2 20.9 20.8 1995 945,369 20.3 20.2 21.3 21 20.8 1996 924,663 20.3 20.2 21.3 21.1 20.9 Source: NCES Average ACT Scores 1970-1998 In the 1992-1996 ACT scores, there was a general increase in Math, Reading, and Science scores. Average ACT Scores 1997-2001 Year # of Test Takers English Math Reading Science Composite 1997 959,301 20.3 20.6 21.3 21.1 21 1998 995,039 20.4 20.8 21.4 21.1 21 1999 1,019,053 20.5 20.7 21.4 21 21 2000 1,065,138 20.5 20.7 21.4 21 21 2001 1,069,772 20.5 20.7 21.3 21 21 Source: NCES Average ACT Scores 1970-2001 In the 1997-2001 ACT scores, there was an increase in English and Math and a decline in Science and Reading. Also, in 1999, theACT broke the one million test-taker ceiling for the first time. Average ACT Scores 2002-2005 Year # of Test Takers English Math Reading Science Composite 2002 1,6,082 20.2 20.6 21.1 20.8 20.8 2003 1,175,059 20.3 20.6 21.2 20.8 20.8 2004 1,171,460 20.4 20.6 21.3 20.9 20.9 2005 1,186,251 20.4 20.7 21.3 20.9 20.9 Source: NCES Average ACT Scores 1995-2010 From 2002 to 2005, we see a slight but steady rise in all scores across the board. Average ACT Scores 2006-20 Year # of Test Takers English Math Reading Science Writing Composite 2006 1,206,455 20.6 20.7 21.4 20.9 7.7 21.1 2007 1,300,599 20.7 20.8 21.5 21 7.6 21.2 2008 1,421,941 20.6 21 21.4 20.8 7.3 21.1 2009 1,480,469 20.6 21 21.4 20.9 7.2 21.1 2010 1,568,835 20.5 21 21.3 20.9 7.1 21 20 1,623,2 20.6 21 21.3 20.9 7.1 21.1 Source: NCES Average ACT Scores 1995-2010, 20 Profile Report As you can see, ACT scores kept increasing until 2007, when there was an all-time composite score high of 21.2. After that, however, all subscores except English and Science consistently declined. Average ACT Scores 2012-2018 Year # of Test Takers English Math Reading Science Writing Composite 2012 1,666,017 20.5 21.1 21.3 20.9 7.1 21.1 2013 1,799,243 20.2 20.9 21.1 20.7 7 20.9 2014 1,845,787 20.3 20.9 21.3 20.8 7.1 21.0 2015 1,924,436 20.4 20.8 21.4 20.9 6.9 21.0 2016 2,090,342 20.1 20.6 21.3 20.8 19.3* 20.8 2017 2,030,038 20.3 20.7 21.4 21.0 6.5 21.0 2018 1,914,817 20.2 20.5 21.3 20.8 - ** 20.8 Sources: 2012 Profile Report, 2013 Profile Report, 2014 Profile Report, 2015 Profile Report, 2016 Profile Report,2017 Profile Report, 2018 Profile Report*2016 Writing results are based on ACT Writing from September 2015 to August 2016, when the test was scored on a scale of 1-36. **As of 2018 ACT seems to have opted to no longer provide information about Writing score averages (except indirectly through ELA scores). After 2007's peak, there is a general decline in scores across the board for nearly a decade. In 2013, ACT, Inc. instituted changes to the ACT to better reflect national curricula, which is possibly reflected in the general stability of composites and subscores from 2013 onwards (with the exception of Math, which has steadily decreased since then). Average ACT Score Trends: What Do the Numbers Mean? As the charts above indicate, there wasa moderate and gradual increase in average ACT scores until they peaked in 2007. After,average scores began to decline until 2014 when they increased slightly before settling to the same level they are at as of 2018. There has been discussion that the downward trend in average ACT scores could be a result of the No Child Left Behind Act and the test-based teaching style in US schools. This slight increase in ACT scores in 2014 could be attributed to the changes ACT, Inc. made to the ACT so that it could better align with high school curricula.Overall, though, average ACT scores have remained relatively stable. For a long while it was predominantly students in the Midwest that took the ACT, but lately the test has begun to spread to the rest of the US as more and more states are requiring students to take it. Consequently, more students have been taking the ACT each year over the past decade. Even with more students taking the ACT, however, the data shows that students generally do better on the ACT than they do on the SAT- for which there has been a steady, stronger decline in scores. (However, the long-term results of the 2016 SAT redesign aren't yet known.) One thing to note, though, is that just like with the SAT, the ACT shows a disparity in scores based on ethnicity and, very likely, income level. The following chart clarifies these differences between average ACT scores based on ethnicity from 1997 to 2018: 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2016 2017 2018 Black or African American 17.9 16.9 17 16.9 17 17 17.1 16.9 American Indian or Alaska Native 20.4 18.8 18.7 18.9 18 17.7 17.5 17.3 White 22.8 21.8 21.9 22.2 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.2 Hispanic or Latinx 19.9 18.5 18.4 18.7 18.8 18.7 18.9 18.8 Asian 22.5* 21.7 22.1 23.2 23.6 24 24.3 24.5 Pacific Islander - - - - 19.4 18.6 18.4** 18.2 Two or More Races - - - - 21.1 21 21.2 21.1 No Responses - - - - 20.8 20.1 20.3 19.8 Sources: NCES Average ACT Scores 1995-2014, 2016 Profile Report, 2017 Profile Report, 2018 Profile Report *Averages for Asian and Pacific Islander students were combined until 20**Averages for Native Hawaiian students folded into averages for Pacific Islander students starting 2017 Overall, the white, Asian, and two or more races subgroups have the highest ACT score averages,with Asian scores consistently increasing. By contrast, African American and Native American subgroups have the lowest ACT averages, likely because they are typically the most disenfranchised groups. What’s Next? Now that you know about the average ACT scores, it's time to figure out what a good ACT score is for you specifically. If you're definitely decided on the ACT,read our in-depth guides to prepping for the ACT. If you don't have a lot of time left, use ourlast-minute ACT cramming tips. Got time? Then learnhow to come up with your own ACT study schedule. Not sure whether you should take the ACT or SAT?Take a look at our article onthe differences between the ACT and SAT to help you determine which test is right for you. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

-Factors influencing on tourist's purchasing decision Essay

-Factors influencing on tourist's purchasing decision - Essay Example In applying this approach, the authors were able to establish that the 9/11 attacks significantly affected the tourists’ decisions in their travel plans (Arana and Leon, 2008). I understand from the study that tourists’ decisions were filled with anxiety mostly triggered by terrorist shock. Profits also declined because of terrorist considerations for tourists. The purchasing prospects were however improved in terms of quality of tourism products, especially the quality of the urban environment (Arana and Leon, 2008). Improvements in tourist decisions to travel were however improved after six to twelve months after terrorist events. The importance of therefore reducing the number of terrorist attacks is therefore an important consideration in tourist’s purchasing decisions. Moreover, where the potential for avoiding any terror risks is low, the impact on tourist decisions is high. Thereby, the tourist would again likely avoid the tourist destination (Arana and Leon, 2008). For which reason, continuous bomb attacks in Israel’s coffeeshops affected tourist’s decisions to choose Israel as a destination. There was a constant and persistent risk for being killed by a terrorist bomb in Israel, and so the decisions for avoidance were high among tourists. The image associated with the terrorist attacks also affected tourist behaviour, leading to avoidance tendencies on destinations with a high Islamic population (Arana and Leon, 2008). This study was able to establish specific concepts about tourist behaviour in relation to terrorism and terrorist attacks. In the current age where the biggest threat to national security is terrorism, tourists have become understandably wary of places with these significant and blatant threats. The September 11 attacks exhibited a significant impact on tourist behaviour, but the impact has been temporary. However, the more persistent said attacks become, the more cautious tourists also

How Chinese TV maintain its position in new media age Dissertation

How Chinese TV maintain its position in new media age - Dissertation Example It was in the 1990s that China embarked upon a conscious policy of rapid industrialization; it was around those years that it began to break free of its restrictive political system as well. In the 1990s the prime elements of globalization had already become established the globe over. For Instance, there were substantial and ever rising cross-border movements of production resources, technology, and capital; there were an excellent telecommunication and communications networking conjunction with other infrastructural facilities and most importantly the international trade was rising and becoming freer. China already had a substantial infrastructure and no sooner did it decide to adopt free market norms then it became a mammoth and lucrative market for global entrepreneurs. Moreover, China had, on the tip-toe, built upon its economic might as a producer and began modernization of its production sphere through steady policy making and technology grafting and had assumed the center sta ge role in the global supply of various goods and services. Thus China studiously caught on with the wave of globalization and reaped enormous economic gains. As a result, China enjoyed a hastened pace of development, and in the present time, it is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. China was already a healthy economic power with an annual average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 9.8 percent in real terms between 1978 and 1994. The Chinese government had also set up ambitious targets for economic growth for the country.... For Instance there were substantial and ever rising cross-border movements of production resources, technology and capital; there was an excellent telecommunications and communications network (internet included) in conjunction with other infrastructural facilities and most importantly the international trade was rising and becoming freer. China already had substantial infrastructure and no sooner did it decide to adopt free market norms then it became a mammoth and lucrative market for global entrepreneurs. Moreover China had, on the tip toe, built upon its economic might as a producer and began modernization of its production sphere through steady policy making and technology grafting and had assumed the centre stage role in global supply of various goods and services. Thus China studiously caught on with the wave of globalization and reaped enormous economic gains. As a result, China enjoyed a hastened pace of development, and in the present time, it is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. China was already a healthy economic power with an annual average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 9.8 percent in real terms between 1978 and 1994. Chinese government had also set up ambitious targets of economic growth for the country in its five year plans. For instance China's ninth five year plan (1995-2000) had set a target for quadrupling its GDP in 2000 over the level recorded in 1980 and the plan further envisaged doubling the year 2000 GDP in the year 2010, with operational target of average annual GDP growth rate of 8% between the years 1995-2000 and of 7 % between the years 2000-2010.If China was able to succeed in restraining the growth rate of its population than its per capita GDP(in 1996 base

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: The Oppression of Women :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Oppression of Women in Handmaids Tale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within freedom should come security. Within security should come freedom. But in Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood, it seems as though there is no in between. Atwood searches throughout the novel for a medium between the two, but in my eyes fails to give justice to a woman’s body image. Today's society has created a fear of beauty and sexuality in this image. It is as though a beautiful woman can be just that, but if at the same time, if she is intelligent and motivated within acting as a sexual being, she is thought of as exploiting herself and her body. Atwood looks for a solution to this problem, but in my eyes fails to do so. In the Handmaid's Tale women are supposed to be more secure then they have ever been. Their bodies and their ability to reproduce are worshiped by society. Crimes against women have been erased. There is no longer rape, or domestic physical and mental violence against women. There is also no abortion. For women to exist in a space like this, one would think that they had the freedom to be powerful, strong women. Yet they are enslaved to this idea of being "protected." Atwood tries to define a woman’s security as being powerful, but really she just contributes to the idea that women are incapable of taking care of and protecting themselves. The novel also portrays a space where a woman’s body is something to fear and hide. "My nakedness is strange to me already. My body seems outdated. Did I really wear bathing suits at the beach? I did, without thought, amoung men, without caring that my legs, my arms, my thighs and back were on display, could be seen. Shameful, immodest. I avoid looking at my body, not so much because it's shamefull or immodest but because I don't want to see it. I don't want to look at something that determines me so completely."(P.63) Women fear their own bodies, they don't love themselves. Which is unfortunate because having love for your body can create a very powerful space for a woman. When women learn to love themselves and their bodies and not fear what they can do with them, they gain self-esteem and confidence to do whatever it is they want to do. A society such as this, defined as having a basis on women, truely, does not.

Cybercrime †computer crime Essay

1.1Background Cybercrime is also called computer crime. The use of computers as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy is cybercrime. Cybercrime, especially through the Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has become central to commerce, entertainment, and government.1 New technologies creates new criminal opportunities because of the early and widespread adoption of computers and the Internet, these days computer crime has been a growing issue even here in Nepal. 1.2 Statement of Problem The development on information technology and cyberspace made the world as a small global village. People can get access right through the world from their home with internet. The trends of global terrorism are also changed by using such IT. Cyber crime as a â€Å"new weapon† becomes a potential threat in international peace. In particular, this paper is focused on cyber crime, its effects, challenges and impact of cyber crime on global security. 1.3Objectives of the Study: a. To know how far cybercrimes are occurring in Nepal b. Cyber crime in Nepal and the law into force c. To learn about cyber security 1.4Importance of the Study The research work is basically useful for all researchers and learners who are willing to study about cyber crime. It is equally beneficial to armed and police forces, the students of strategic studies, political science, history and international relationship. Cyber crime, at present is being a great challenge in each and every development sector. So, it will be useful for the planners and policy makers too. 1.5Limitation of the Study It is because of time constrains; the research is limited in studying on cyber crime, its effects and cyber security only. However, broaden concept of cyber crime has been drawn in the study. Field visit was very costly in terms of time and resources, so only secondary sources (data) have been used to complete the study. It is specifically focused on identifying the causes, objectives, and impacts of cyber crime, the development in cyber space and information warfare, and potential threat in international peace. At last various measures for combating it and recommendations. 1.6Methodology In this study, descriptive and analytical method has been chosen. Because of the time constrains, the data has been used in the research work are based on secondary sources. They were obtained through books, and World Wide Web sites. CHAPTER II HISTORY OF CYBER CRIME The first recorded cyber crime took place in the year 1820. In 1820, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a textile manufacturer in France, produced the loom. This device allowed the repetition of a series of steps in the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard’s employees that their traditional employment and livelihood were being threatened. They committed acts of sabotage to discourage Jacquard from further use of the new technology. This is the first recorded cyber crime. In Nepal, business houses, organizations started using electronic materials and computers where government was lacking in electronic rules and regulations. There is no exact date recorded for the first cyber crime in Nepal till date. But we can see many people being the victim of cybercrime. Especially in Nepal, many renowned companies are receiving emails from proxy mailing address demanding for money. Beside this, hacking websites of banks, newspaper and face book accounts, humiliating gi rls and uploading images in porn sites, sales of pirated CDS and DVDS are the most commonly practiced cybercrime in Nepal. CHAPTER III CATEGORIES OF CYBERCRIME Basically we can categories cybercrime into two types: (a) The computer as Target: using of computer to attack another computer like hacking, virus/ worms attacks. (b) The computer as a weapon: using a computer to commit real world crime like cyber terrorism, credit card fraud and pornography, DoS attack and many more.2 CHAPTER IV EFFECTS OF CYBERCRIME As the world goes mobile, cybercrime follows. Criminal takes advantage of technologies and internet in many ways to commit crime which is very hard to control by solo effort. Some of the effects of cybercrime that is frequently occurring in Nepal are as follows; (a) Hacking:This is a type of crime wherein a person’s computer is broken into so that his personal or sensitive information can be accessed. This is different from ethical hacking, which many organizations use to check their Internet security protection. In hacking, the criminal uses a variety of software to enter a person’s computer and the person may not be aware that his computer is being accessed from a remote location. (b) Theft: This crime occurs when a person violates copyrights and downloads music, movies, games and software. There are even peer sharing websites which encourage software piracy and many of these websites are now being targeted by the FBI. Today, the justice system is addressing this cyber crime and there are laws that prevent people from illegal downloading. (c) Cyber Stalking: This is a kind of online harassment wherein the victim is subjected to a barrage of online messages and emails. Typically, these stalkers know their victims and instead of resorting to offline stalking, they use the Internet to stalk. However, if they notice that cyber stalking is not having the desired effect, they begin offline stalking along with cyber stalking to make the victims’ lives more miserable. (d) Identity Theft: This has become a major problem with people using the Internet for cash transactions and banking services. In this cyber crime, a criminal accesses data about a person’s bank account, credit cards, Social Security, debit card and other sensitive information to siphon money or to buy things online in the victim’s name. It can result in major financial losses for the victim and even spoil the victim’s credit history. (e) Malicious Software: These are Internet-based software or programs that are used to disrupt a network. The software is used to gain access to a system to steal sensitive information or data or causing damage to software present in the system. (f) Child soliciting and Abuse: This is also a type of cyber crime wherein criminals solicit minors via chat rooms for the purpose of child pornography. The FBI has been spending a lot of time monitoring chat rooms frequented by children with the hopes of reducing and preventing child abuse and soliciting. CHAPTER V CYBER SECURITY AND ITS ADVANTAGES 5.1Cyber security:Cyber Security involves protection of sensitive personal and business information through prevention, detention and response to different online attacks. The measures of applying cyber security are as follows: (a) Privacy Policy: Before submitting your name, e-mail address, on a website look for the sites privacy policy. (b) Keep Software Up to Date: If the seller reduces patches for the software operating system your devices install them as soon as possible. Installing them will prevent attackers from being able to take advantages. Don’t choose options that will allow your computer to remember your passwords. (c) Disable remote connectivity: Some devices are equipped with wireless technologies like Bluetooth that can be used to connect to other devices. You should disable these features when they are not in use. 5.2Advantages of Cyber Security:The advantages of cyber security are mentioned below: (a) The cyber security will defend us from critical attacks. (b) It will defend us from hacks and virus. (c) Internet Security processes all the incoming and outgoing data on your computer. (d) Application of cyber security used in our PC needs update every week. (e) It helps us to browse the site, website. CHAPTER VI CYBER LAW IN NEPAL Nepal has moved a step further in the information and communication technology (ICT) as the government has promulgated Electronic Transaction Act-2063 and Regulations, legalizing all electronic transactions and digital signatures. 4 Cyber law or Electronic Transaction Act clearly defines the rights, duties and authorities of the subscribers, network service provider, etc. The act had provision of separate bodies, IT Tribunal and Appellate Tribunal. The both look into all cases related to computer crime and the cyber crime. The IT tribunal is headed by the District Court Judge and has 3 members. The main purpose of this act (law) is to legalize the electronic transactions and digital signatures for both private and public transactions, protecting the electronic documents from the unauthorized access and to control the illegal activities or the cyber crimes. This act has 12 sections and 79 clauses. Electronic Transaction Act 2006 is here to fore addressed in the capacity of cyber law. The Cyber law 2006 dictates the limitation for complaint within 35 days of first knowhow of crime and breaching of the cyber law. The punishment varies from Rs. 50000 to Rs. 300000 penalty and 6 months to 5 years imprisonment as the attempts to discourage the cyber crime. CHAPTER VII CHALLENGES IN CYBER CRIME Though there is cyber law in Nepal, but yet there are many challenges in investigating Cybercrime due to: a. Internet and the computers as the Scene of Crime there are many types of computer crime that exist, as well as the legal and technical challenges that face law enforcement and prosecutors in their efforts to combat this crime. b. Investigator’s skills (not trained) to combat cyber terrorism. c. knowhow of cyber security d. high-tech crimes and confusions e. Low participation of tech groups and less co-operation of resource groups f. Imitation of traditional perspective for defining cyber crime. A challenging aspect of cybercrime is its nonlocal character: actions can occur in jurisdictions separated by vast distances. g. Creating a Safer Information Society by Improving the Security of Information Infrastructures. CHAPTER VIII RECOMMENDATION Many people has become the victim of cybercrime especially girls, celebrities, politicians and many other renowned personalities. It’s a well known saying that â€Å"Prevention is always better than cure†, Therefore, it is always better to take certain precaution beforehand rather than regretting afterwards. Whosoever is accessing the net should take Safety and privacy activation on social networking site. Some of the safety measures are mentioned below: a. Stay informed, pay attention to news sources to learn about recent threats and websites that have been attacked. b. Be careful, to never enter private or financial data into websites that don’t show proof of security. c. Clean and clear your internet cache, lost fragments, orphaned registry keys, temporary files, deleted email messages, and other temporary files on your computer often. d. Google yourself and make sure there is nothing out there that gives out too many details about you. e. Never provide your c redit card number as a proof f. Report abuse, if you are stalked or harassed online, don’t respond to the attacker. Instead keep a record of the communications and report the abuse to the websites administrator. CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION There are appropriate investigative law enforcement agencies, District Police Offices of Police Headquarters or Local Police office, Metropolitan Crime Division who are working against cybercrime and the criminals. Cybercrime is indeed getting the recognition it deserves. However, it is not going to be restricted that easily. In fact, it is highly likely that cybercrime and its hackers will continue developing and upgrading to stay ahead of the law. So, to make us a safer we must need cyber security. Moreover, every individual most apply the possible way to stay alert. ACRONYMS FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation DoS- Denial-of-Service PC- Personal Computer IT- Information Technology CD-Compact Disc DVD-Digital Versatile Disc / Digital Video Disc ICT-Information and Communication Technology BIBLIOGRAPHY a. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130595/cybercrime b. http://www.bezaspeaks.com/cybercrime/history.htm c. http://www.slideshare.net/aemankhan/cybercrimeppt-27376284 d. http://www.slideshare.net/aemankhan/cybercrimeppt-27376284 e. http://egovernancenepal.blogspot.com/2007/03/cyber-law-electronic- transaction-act.html f. http://www.crossdomainsolutions.com/cyber-crime/ g. http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/-Cyber-Law-And-Its-Challenge- h. http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/05/25/oped/cybercrime-without-cyber-rules/390001.html i. http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Journo+charged+with+cyber+crime&NewsID=38http://setopati.net/politics/1775/0963 j. http://mybhaktapur.com/2011/12/20/nepal-police-arrests-facebook-mis-user-for- cyber-crime/ k. http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Cyber+criminals+to+target+mobile%26sbquo%3B+social+in+2014&NewsID=401622 l. http://surendraphuyalnepal.wordpress.com/ m. Kantipur Daily n. Nagarik Dainik o. A Guide to Computer Crime from legal.practitioner.com p. International Journal of Cyber Criminology q. Cybercrime Nepalese Prospective by Nepal Police r. Moore, R. (2005) â€Å"Cyber crime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime,† Cleveland, Mississippi: Anderson Publishing.

Overuse of Antidepressants Today and How Aldous Huxley...

Antidepressants are a prescription drug now used by people of all ages. They have become a part of society, therefore, taking antidepressants is not frowned upon. Antidepressants are used to make people feel â€Å"happier† and not to feel sadness. This is shown in the dystopian society in the book Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932. In that society the people use soma, a well-known drug, to make them feel no pain and are conditioned to think soma fixes everything. Helmholtz and Bernard two main characters, do not take it because they want to be able to see the world for what it is. They also do not want soma to change how they feel; they want to appreciate nature. In addition Lenina and Henry love taking soma because then they†¦show more content†¦Not everything has to be cured by modern-day technology, such as better antidepressants, sometimes the â€Å"old-fashion† way is a lot better and more effective. Since the prescriptions have increased, t he use of antidepressants has also optimized in children and adolescents. Part of the high growth in the usage of antidepressants was because doctors were prescribing the drug to children younger than 6. The number of â€Å"antidepressant prescriptions written for teens increases every year† (Mitchell). That statistic should be going down because teenagers do not know if they are really depressed or if they just had a bad day. By the doctor just giving them medicine teenagers will never learn how to deal with their problems and how to fix certain situation. By prescribing the medication children and teens are learning how to take the easy way out, by resorting to taking drugs. Antidepressant use is not only in teenagers, but antidepressant prescriptions for â€Å"kids ages 6 and under rose to a surprising 580 percent† (Mitchell) as well. Starting kids young on antidepressants should not be allowed because then the children could not develop correctly. The child†™s brain is still developing and the use of antidepressants make it that the brain can not fully developed or get so use to the antidepressant doing all the work, that the child would not know how to cope with a bad day or stress. The child would just go straight to the medicine drawer and take